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//! Panic support in the standard library.
#![stable(feature = "std_panic", since = "1.9.0")]
use crate::any::Any;
use crate::sync::atomic::{AtomicU8, Ordering};
use crate::sync::{Condvar, Mutex, RwLock};
use crate::thread::Result;
use crate::{collections, fmt, panicking};
#[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
#[deprecated(
since = "1.82.0",
note = "use `PanicHookInfo` instead",
suggestion = "std::panic::PanicHookInfo"
)]
/// A struct providing information about a panic.
///
/// `PanicInfo` has been renamed to [`PanicHookInfo`] to avoid confusion with
/// [`core::panic::PanicInfo`].
pub type PanicInfo<'a> = PanicHookInfo<'a>;
/// A struct providing information about a panic.
///
/// `PanicHookInfo` structure is passed to a panic hook set by the [`set_hook`] function.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```should_panic
/// use std::panic;
///
/// panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
/// println!("panic occurred: {panic_info}");
/// }));
///
/// panic!("critical system failure");
/// ```
///
/// [`set_hook`]: ../../std/panic/fn.set_hook.html
#[stable(feature = "panic_hook_info", since = "1.81.0")]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct PanicHookInfo<'a> {
payload: &'a (dyn Any + Send),
location: &'a Location<'a>,
can_unwind: bool,
force_no_backtrace: bool,
}
impl<'a> PanicHookInfo<'a> {
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn new(
location: &'a Location<'a>,
payload: &'a (dyn Any + Send),
can_unwind: bool,
force_no_backtrace: bool,
) -> Self {
PanicHookInfo { payload, location, can_unwind, force_no_backtrace }
}
/// Returns the payload associated with the panic.
///
/// This will commonly, but not always, be a `&'static str` or [`String`].
///
/// A invocation of the `panic!()` macro in Rust 2021 or later will always result in a
/// panic payload of type `&'static str` or `String`.
///
/// Only an invocation of [`panic_any`]
/// (or, in Rust 2018 and earlier, `panic!(x)` where `x` is something other than a string)
/// can result in a panic payload other than a `&'static str` or `String`.
///
/// [`String`]: ../../std/string/struct.String.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```should_panic
/// use std::panic;
///
/// panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
/// if let Some(s) = panic_info.payload().downcast_ref::<&str>() {
/// println!("panic occurred: {s:?}");
/// } else if let Some(s) = panic_info.payload().downcast_ref::<String>() {
/// println!("panic occurred: {s:?}");
/// } else {
/// println!("panic occurred");
/// }
/// }));
///
/// panic!("Normal panic");
/// ```
#[must_use]
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
pub fn payload(&self) -> &(dyn Any + Send) {
self.payload
}
/// Returns the payload associated with the panic, if it is a string.
///
/// This returns the payload if it is of type `&'static str` or `String`.
///
/// A invocation of the `panic!()` macro in Rust 2021 or later will always result in a
/// panic payload where `payload_as_str` returns `Some`.
///
/// Only an invocation of [`panic_any`]
/// (or, in Rust 2018 and earlier, `panic!(x)` where `x` is something other than a string)
/// can result in a panic payload where `payload_as_str` returns `None`.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```should_panic
/// #![feature(panic_payload_as_str)]
///
/// std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
/// if let Some(s) = panic_info.payload_as_str() {
/// println!("panic occurred: {s:?}");
/// } else {
/// println!("panic occurred");
/// }
/// }));
///
/// panic!("Normal panic");
/// ```
#[must_use]
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "panic_payload_as_str", issue = "125175")]
pub fn payload_as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
if let Some(s) = self.payload.downcast_ref::<&str>() {
Some(s)
} else if let Some(s) = self.payload.downcast_ref::<String>() {
Some(s)
} else {
None
}
}
/// Returns information about the location from which the panic originated,
/// if available.
///
/// This method will currently always return [`Some`], but this may change
/// in future versions.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```should_panic
/// use std::panic;
///
/// panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
/// if let Some(location) = panic_info.location() {
/// println!("panic occurred in file '{}' at line {}",
/// location.file(),
/// location.line(),
/// );
/// } else {
/// println!("panic occurred but can't get location information...");
/// }
/// }));
///
/// panic!("Normal panic");
/// ```
#[must_use]
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
pub fn location(&self) -> Option<&Location<'_>> {
// NOTE: If this is changed to sometimes return None,
// deal with that case in std::panicking::default_hook and core::panicking::panic_fmt.
Some(&self.location)
}
/// Returns whether the panic handler is allowed to unwind the stack from
/// the point where the panic occurred.
///
/// This is true for most kinds of panics with the exception of panics
/// caused by trying to unwind out of a `Drop` implementation or a function
/// whose ABI does not support unwinding.
///
/// It is safe for a panic handler to unwind even when this function returns
/// false, however this will simply cause the panic handler to be called
/// again.
#[must_use]
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "panic_can_unwind", issue = "92988")]
pub fn can_unwind(&self) -> bool {
self.can_unwind
}
#[unstable(
feature = "panic_internals",
reason = "internal details of the implementation of the `panic!` and related macros",
issue = "none"
)]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[inline]
pub fn force_no_backtrace(&self) -> bool {
self.force_no_backtrace
}
}
#[stable(feature = "panic_hook_display", since = "1.26.0")]
impl fmt::Display for PanicHookInfo<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
formatter.write_str("panicked at ")?;
self.location.fmt(formatter)?;
if let Some(payload) = self.payload_as_str() {
formatter.write_str(":\n")?;
formatter.write_str(payload)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
#[doc(hidden)]
#[unstable(feature = "edition_panic", issue = "none", reason = "use panic!() instead")]
#[allow_internal_unstable(libstd_sys_internals, const_format_args, panic_internals, rt)]
#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "std_panic_2015_macro")]
#[rustc_macro_transparency = "semitransparent"]
pub macro panic_2015 {
() => ({
$crate::rt::begin_panic("explicit panic")
}),
($msg:expr $(,)?) => ({
$crate::rt::begin_panic($msg);
}),
// Special-case the single-argument case for const_panic.
("{}", $arg:expr $(,)?) => ({
$crate::rt::panic_display(&$arg);
}),
($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
// Semicolon to prevent temporaries inside the formatting machinery from
// being considered alive in the caller after the panic_fmt call.
$crate::rt::panic_fmt($crate::const_format_args!($fmt, $($arg)+));
}),
}
#[doc(hidden)]
#[unstable(feature = "edition_panic", issue = "none", reason = "use panic!() instead")]
pub use core::panic::panic_2021;
#[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
pub use core::panic::Location;
#[stable(feature = "catch_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
pub use core::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
#[unstable(feature = "panic_update_hook", issue = "92649")]
pub use crate::panicking::update_hook;
#[stable(feature = "panic_hooks", since = "1.10.0")]
pub use crate::panicking::{set_hook, take_hook};
/// Panics the current thread with the given message as the panic payload.
///
/// The message can be of any (`Any + Send`) type, not just strings.
///
/// The message is wrapped in a `Box<'static + Any + Send>`, which can be
/// accessed later using [`PanicHookInfo::payload`].
///
/// See the [`panic!`] macro for more information about panicking.
#[stable(feature = "panic_any", since = "1.51.0")]
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
pub fn panic_any<M: 'static + Any + Send>(msg: M) -> ! {
crate::panicking::begin_panic(msg);
}
#[stable(feature = "catch_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> UnwindSafe for Mutex<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "catch_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> UnwindSafe for RwLock<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "catch_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
impl UnwindSafe for Condvar {}
#[stable(feature = "unwind_safe_lock_refs", since = "1.12.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> RefUnwindSafe for Mutex<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "unwind_safe_lock_refs", since = "1.12.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> RefUnwindSafe for RwLock<T> {}
#[stable(feature = "unwind_safe_lock_refs", since = "1.12.0")]
impl RefUnwindSafe for Condvar {}
// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/62301
#[stable(feature = "hashbrown", since = "1.36.0")]
impl<K, V, S> UnwindSafe for collections::HashMap<K, V, S>
where
K: UnwindSafe,
V: UnwindSafe,
S: UnwindSafe,
{
}
/// Invokes a closure, capturing the cause of an unwinding panic if one occurs.
///
/// This function will return `Ok` with the closure's result if the closure
/// does not panic, and will return `Err(cause)` if the closure panics. The
/// `cause` returned is the object with which panic was originally invoked.
///
/// It is currently undefined behavior to unwind from Rust code into foreign
/// code, so this function is particularly useful when Rust is called from
/// another language (normally C). This can run arbitrary Rust code, capturing a
/// panic and allowing a graceful handling of the error.
///
/// It is **not** recommended to use this function for a general try/catch
/// mechanism. The [`Result`] type is more appropriate to use for functions that
/// can fail on a regular basis. Additionally, this function is not guaranteed
/// to catch all panics, see the "Notes" section below.
///
/// The closure provided is required to adhere to the [`UnwindSafe`] trait to ensure
/// that all captured variables are safe to cross this boundary. The purpose of
/// this bound is to encode the concept of [exception safety][rfc] in the type
/// system. Most usage of this function should not need to worry about this
/// bound as programs are naturally unwind safe without `unsafe` code. If it
/// becomes a problem the [`AssertUnwindSafe`] wrapper struct can be used to quickly
/// assert that the usage here is indeed unwind safe.
///
/// [rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1236-stabilize-catch-panic.md
///
/// # Notes
///
/// Note that this function **might not catch all panics** in Rust. A panic in
/// Rust is not always implemented via unwinding, but can be implemented by
/// aborting the process as well. This function *only* catches unwinding panics,
/// not those that abort the process.
///
/// Note that if a custom panic hook has been set, it will be invoked before
/// the panic is caught, before unwinding.
///
/// Also note that unwinding into Rust code with a foreign exception (e.g.
/// an exception thrown from C++ code) is undefined behavior.
///
/// Finally, be **careful in how you drop the result of this function**.
/// If it is `Err`, it contains the panic payload, and dropping that may in turn panic!
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::panic;
///
/// let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {
/// println!("hello!");
/// });
/// assert!(result.is_ok());
///
/// let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {
/// panic!("oh no!");
/// });
/// assert!(result.is_err());
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "catch_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
pub fn catch_unwind<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(f: F) -> Result<R> {
unsafe { panicking::r#try(f) }
}
/// Triggers a panic without invoking the panic hook.
///
/// This is designed to be used in conjunction with [`catch_unwind`] to, for
/// example, carry a panic across a layer of C code.
///
/// # Notes
///
/// Note that panics in Rust are not always implemented via unwinding, but they
/// may be implemented by aborting the process. If this function is called when
/// panics are implemented this way then this function will abort the process,
/// not trigger an unwind.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```should_panic
/// use std::panic;
///
/// let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {
/// panic!("oh no!");
/// });
///
/// if let Err(err) = result {
/// panic::resume_unwind(err);
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "resume_unwind", since = "1.9.0")]
pub fn resume_unwind(payload: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> ! {
panicking::rust_panic_without_hook(payload)
}
/// Makes all future panics abort directly without running the panic hook or unwinding.
///
/// There is no way to undo this; the effect lasts until the process exits or
/// execs (or the equivalent).
///
/// # Use after fork
///
/// This function is particularly useful for calling after `libc::fork`. After `fork`, in a
/// multithreaded program it is (on many platforms) not safe to call the allocator. It is also
/// generally highly undesirable for an unwind to unwind past the `fork`, because that results in
/// the unwind propagating to code that was only ever expecting to run in the parent.
///
/// `panic::always_abort()` helps avoid both of these. It directly avoids any further unwinding,
/// and if there is a panic, the abort will occur without allocating provided that the arguments to
/// panic can be formatted without allocating.
///
/// Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// #![feature(panic_always_abort)]
/// use std::panic;
///
/// panic::always_abort();
///
/// let _ = panic::catch_unwind(|| {
/// panic!("inside the catch");
/// });
///
/// // We will have aborted already, due to the panic.
/// unreachable!();
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "panic_always_abort", issue = "84438")]
pub fn always_abort() {
crate::panicking::panic_count::set_always_abort();
}
/// The configuration for whether and how the default panic hook will capture
/// and display the backtrace.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[unstable(feature = "panic_backtrace_config", issue = "93346")]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum BacktraceStyle {
/// Prints a terser backtrace which ideally only contains relevant
/// information.
Short,
/// Prints a backtrace with all possible information.
Full,
/// Disable collecting and displaying backtraces.
Off,
}
impl BacktraceStyle {
pub(crate) fn full() -> Option<Self> {
if cfg!(feature = "backtrace") { Some(BacktraceStyle::Full) } else { None }
}
fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
match self {
BacktraceStyle::Short => 1,
BacktraceStyle::Full => 2,
BacktraceStyle::Off => 3,
}
}
fn from_u8(s: u8) -> Option<Self> {
match s {
1 => Some(BacktraceStyle::Short),
2 => Some(BacktraceStyle::Full),
3 => Some(BacktraceStyle::Off),
_ => None,
}
}
}
// Tracks whether we should/can capture a backtrace, and how we should display
// that backtrace.
//
// Internally stores equivalent of an Option<BacktraceStyle>.
static SHOULD_CAPTURE: AtomicU8 = AtomicU8::new(0);
/// Configures whether the default panic hook will capture and display a
/// backtrace.
///
/// The default value for this setting may be set by the `RUST_BACKTRACE`
/// environment variable; see the details in [`get_backtrace_style`].
#[unstable(feature = "panic_backtrace_config", issue = "93346")]
pub fn set_backtrace_style(style: BacktraceStyle) {
if cfg!(feature = "backtrace") {
// If the `backtrace` feature of this crate is enabled, set the backtrace style.
SHOULD_CAPTURE.store(style.as_u8(), Ordering::Relaxed);
}
}
/// Checks whether the standard library's panic hook will capture and print a
/// backtrace.
///
/// This function will, if a backtrace style has not been set via
/// [`set_backtrace_style`], read the environment variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` to
/// determine a default value for the backtrace formatting:
///
/// The first call to `get_backtrace_style` may read the `RUST_BACKTRACE`
/// environment variable if `set_backtrace_style` has not been called to
/// override the default value. After a call to `set_backtrace_style` or
/// `get_backtrace_style`, any changes to `RUST_BACKTRACE` will have no effect.
///
/// `RUST_BACKTRACE` is read according to these rules:
///
/// * `0` for `BacktraceStyle::Off`
/// * `full` for `BacktraceStyle::Full`
/// * `1` for `BacktraceStyle::Short`
/// * Other values are currently `BacktraceStyle::Short`, but this may change in
/// the future
///
/// Returns `None` if backtraces aren't currently supported.
#[unstable(feature = "panic_backtrace_config", issue = "93346")]
pub fn get_backtrace_style() -> Option<BacktraceStyle> {
if !cfg!(feature = "backtrace") {
// If the `backtrace` feature of this crate isn't enabled quickly return
// `Unsupported` so this can be constant propagated all over the place
// to optimize away callers.
return None;
}
let current = SHOULD_CAPTURE.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
if let Some(style) = BacktraceStyle::from_u8(current) {
return Some(style);
}
let format = match crate::env::var_os("RUST_BACKTRACE") {
Some(x) if &x == "0" => BacktraceStyle::Off,
Some(x) if &x == "full" => BacktraceStyle::Full,
Some(_) => BacktraceStyle::Short,
None if crate::sys::FULL_BACKTRACE_DEFAULT => BacktraceStyle::Full,
None => BacktraceStyle::Off,
};
match SHOULD_CAPTURE.compare_exchange(0, format.as_u8(), Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed) {
Ok(_) => Some(format),
Err(new) => BacktraceStyle::from_u8(new),
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;